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Determination of total hardness of a sample of water

📚 Subject: Industrial Chemistry

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This study material provides a detailed practical procedure for the determination of total hardness of a water sample using EDTA complexometric titration. It covers the principle of water hardness, preparation of standard EDTA solution, use of NH₃–NH₄Cl buffer and Eriochrome Black T indicator, titration procedure, endpoint detection, observations, and calculations. The hardness of water is expressed as ppm of CaCO₃.
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